RECOVERY TIME

November 22nd.-2021

Adjectives

long-short

Comparatives-Superlatives

Descriptions practice.

Comparative Adjectives

When we talk about two things, we can "compare" them. We can see if they are the same or different. Perhaps they are the same in some ways and different in other ways. We can use comparative adjectives to describe the differences.

Formation of Comparative Adjectives

There are two ways to make or to "form" a comparative adjective:

short adjectives: add "-er"
long adjectives: use "more"

Short adjectives: add -er	examples
1-syllable adjectives	old, fast
2-syllable adjectives ending in -y	happy, easy
RULE: add "-er"	old → older
Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -r	late → later
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, double the last consonant	big → bigger
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i	happy → happier

Long adjectives: use more	examples
2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y	modern, pleasant
all adjectives of 3 or more syllables	expensive, intellectual
RULE: use "more"	modern → more modern expensive → more expensive

With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use "-er" OR "more":

quiet → quieter/more quiet
clever → cleverer/more clever
narrow → narrower/more narrow
simple → simpler/more simple

Exception: The following adjectives have irregular forms:

good → better
well (healthy) → better
bad → worse
far → farther/further

Use of Comparative Adjectives

We use comparative adjectives when talking about 2 things (not 3 or 10 or 1,000,000 things, only 2 things).

Often, the comparative adjective is followed by "than".

Look at these examples:

John is 1m80. He is tall. But Chris is 1m85. He is taller than John.
America is big. But Russia is bigger.
I want to have a more powerful computer.
Is French more difficult than English?

If we talk about the two planets Earth and Mars, we can compare them as shown in the table below:

	Earth	Mars
Diameter (km)	12,760	6,790	Mars is smaller than Earth.
Distance from Sun (million km)	150	228	Mars is more distant from the Sun.
Length of day (hours)	24	25	A day on Mars is slightly longer than a day on Earth.
Moons	1	2	Mars has more moons than Earth.
Surface temperature (degrees Celsius)	22	-23	Mars is colder than Earth.

Although we use comparative adjectives when talking about two things (not three or more things), in fact one or both of the things may be a group of things.

Mt Everest is higher than all other mountains.

Here, we are talking about hundreds of mountains, but we are still comparing one thing (Mt Everest) to one other thing (all other mountains).

QUIZ PRACTICE

1. Comparative adjectives are used when comparing _______ things, people or groups.

two
two or more
three or more

2. Which is the comparative form? "I'm strong, but my brother is _______ ."

strongest
stronger
as strong

3. Many adjectives are changed into the comparative form by adding

-er
-est
-ies

4. Which is the correct comparative form? "My phone's expensive, but Joe's is _______ ."

expensiver
most expensive
more expensive

5. A long adjective of 3 or more syllables is changed into a comparative adjective by

adding -er to it
adding -est to it
putting "more" before it

6. Which is correct? "Do you think Maria is _______ than Selena?"

prettier
more pretty
more prettier

7. Which is not a comparative form of the adjective "clever"?

cleverer
cleverrer
more clever

8. Which is correct? "English is _______ Japanese."

easier
more easy
easier than

9. Which is correct? "This year the weather is ______ than last year."

badder
worse
worser

10. Which is comparative? "Whose English is _______? Mine or his?"

good
better
best

Happy

Sad

Good

Bad

Dry

Wet

High

Low

Thin

Fat

Wide

Narrow

Internal

External

PRACTICE COMPARATIVES

Jake's room is than Larry's room. (small)
The blue car is than the black car. (nice)
This exercise is than that one. (boring)
His pullover is than his jeans. (dark)
Susan's hair is than my hair. (long)
George is than Robert. (funny)
My result in the test was than Harry's. (good)
Gold is than silver. (expensive)
Christine is than Alice. (smart)
Football is than handball. (popular)

SUPERLATIVES.

Superlative Adjectives

A superlative adjective expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things.

We can use superlative adjectives when talking about three or more things (not two things).

In the example below, "biggest" is the superlative form of the adjective "big":

A B C
A is the biggest.

Formation of Superlative Adjectives

As with comparative adjectives, there are two ways to form a superlative adjective:

short adjectives: add "-est"
long adjectives: use "most"

We also usually add 'the' at the beginning.

Short adjectives
1-syllable adjectives	old, fast
2-syllable adjectives ending in -y	happy, easy
RULE: add "-est"	old → the oldest
Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -st	late → the latest
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, double the last consonant	big → the biggest
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i	happy → the happiest

Long adjectives
2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y	modern, pleasant
all adjectives of 3 or more syllables	expensive, intellectual
RULE: use "most"	modern → the most modern expensive → the most expensive

With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use "-est" OR "most":

quiet → the quietest/most quiet
clever → the cleverest/most clever
narrow → the narrowest/most narrow
simple → the simplest/most simple

Exception: The following adjectives have irregular forms:

good → the best
bad → the worst
far → the farthest/furthest

Use of Superlative Adjectives

We use a superlative adjective to describe one thing in a group of three or more things. Look at these examples:

John is 1m75. David is 1m80. Chris is 1m85. Chris is the tallest.
Canada, China and Russia are big countries. But Russia is the biggest.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

If we talk about the three planets Earth, Mars and Jupiter, we can use superlative adjectives as shown in the table below:

	Earth	Mars	Jupiter
Diameter (km)	12,760	6,790	142,800	Jupiter is the biggest.
Distance from Sun (million km)	150	228	778	Jupiter is the most distant from the Sun.
Length of day (hours)	24	25	10	Jupiter has the shortest day.
Moons	1	2	16	Jupiter has the most moons.
Surface temp. (degrees Celsius)	22	-23	-150	Jupiter is the coldest.

When we compare one thing with itself, we do not use "the":

England is coldest in winter. (not the coldest)

My boss is most generous when we get a big order. (not the most generous)

PRACTICE

Fill in the superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets.

1. The moon is the planet to earth. (close)

2. Jupiter is the planet in our solar system. (large)

3. Sirius is the star we can see from earth. (brilliant)

4. Venus is the planet in our solar system. (hot)

5. Ceres is the asteroid in our solar system. (big)

6. The Energya is the rocket. (powerful)

7. Karl Henize was the man in space. He was 58 years old. (old)

8. Saturn is the planet. (beautiful)

9. Venus is the planet in our solar system. (bright)

10. The Apollo project was the space programme. It cost 25 541 400 000 dollars. (expensive)

11. Mercury is the planet in our solar system. (small)

12. Romenko is the man in space. He spent over 420 days in space. (experienced)

13. Pluto is the planet in our solar system. (cold)

14. Venus is the second object in the solar system. (bright)

15. Jupiter has the day of all planets. (short)

16. Uranus hits the temperatures of any planet. (cold)

17. Mercury is the planet in the solar system. (cratered)

18. Saturn has the rings in the solar system. (extensive)

19. The Uranian moon is Miranda. It has ice canyons and terraces. (interesting)

20. With winds up to 1500 mph, Neptune has the winds recorded in the solar system. (strong)

RECOVERY TIME

November 18-2021

Adverbs of frequency

ACTIVITY NUMBER 2. ADVERBS

We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity.

These are called adverbs of frequency and include:

Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence

100% always I always go to bed before 11 p.m.

90% usually I usually have cereal for breakfast.

80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym.

70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet.

50% sometimes I sometimes forget my wife's birthday.

30% occasionally I occasionally eat junk food.

10% seldom I seldom read the newspaper.

5% hardly ever / rarely I hardly ever drink alcohol.

0% never I never swim in the sea.

* Some people pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not.

The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).

Subject + adverb + main verb

I always remember to do my homework.

He normally gets good marks in exams.

An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

Subject + to be + adverb

They are never pleased to see me.

She isn't usually bad tempered.

When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.

Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

She can sometimes beat me in a race.

I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.

They might never see each other again.

They could occasionally be heard laughing.

We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:

Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:

Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.

We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:

She hardly ever comes to my parties.

They never say 'thank you'.

We use ever in questions and negative statements:

Have you ever been to New Zealand?

I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been Switzerland').

Complete the sentences.

Use the adverb and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Use contractions where possible.

Practice 1.

Our teacher, Mrs Jones,__________(never / be) late for lessons.score

I__________(often / clean) my bedroom at the weekend.score

My brother____________(hardly ever / help) me with my homework.score

I___________(sometimes / be) bored in the maths lessons.

We___________(rarely / watch) football on TV.score

You and Tony__________(never / play) computer games with me.

You__________(usually / be) at the sports centre on Sunday.

The school bus_________(always / arrive) at half past eight.

He listens to the radio. (often)

________________________________________________

They read a book. (sometimes)

________________________________________________

Pete gets angry. (never)

________________________________________________

Tom is very friendly. (usually)

________________________________________________

I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)

________________________________________________

Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often)

_________________________________________________

My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening. (always)

_________________________________________________

Walter helps his father in the kitchen. (usually)

________________________________________________

They watch TV in the afternoon. (never)

_________________________________________________

Christine smokes. (never)

_________________________________________________

1. Which sentence is correct?

a.Our teacher is often late.

b.Our teacher often is late.

c.Is often our teacher late?

d.Often our teacher is late.

2.Which sentence is correct?

a.Never we eat fast food.

b.We eat never fast food.

c.We eat fast food never.

d.We never eat fast food.

3.Which sentence is correct?

a.My father doesn't hardly ever watch football on TV.

b.My father watches hardly ever football on TV.

c.My father watches football on TV hardly ever.

d.My father hardly ever watches football on TV.

4.Which sentence is correct?

a.Do often you go to the cinema?

b.Do you often go to the cinema?

c.Do you go often to the cinema?

d.Do you go to the cinema often?

5.Which sentence is correct?

a.He usually doesn't go to bed late.

b.He doesn't go to bed late usually.

c.He doesn't usually go to bed late.

d.Does he go usually late to bed?

6.Which sentence is correct?

a.I every week have piano lessons.

b.I have every week piano lessons.

c.I have piano lessons every week.

d.I every week have piano lessons.

7.Which sentence is correct?

a.They always are very tired after the match.

b.They are always very tired after the match.

c.They are very tired after the match always.

d.Always they are very tired after the match.

8.Which sentence is correct?

a.We always have breakfast at home.

b.Always we have breakfast at home.

c.We have always breakfast at home.

d.We have breakfast at home always.

9.Which sentence is correct?

a.She doesn't wear jeans often.

b.She often doesn't wear jeans.

c.Often she doesn't wear jeans.

d.She doesn't often wear jeans.

10.Which sentence is correct?

a.Are you sometimes tired at the end of the class?

b.Are sometimes you tired at the end of the class?

c.Are you tired sometimes at the end of the class?

d.You are sometimes tired at the end of the class?

Read the text and answer the questions.

My name is Mary and I'm eleven years old.

On weekdays I always get up at seven o'clock because I have lessons, but on Saturday and Sunday I never get up early, I usually get up after nine o'clock.

On Saturdays I always have piano lessons. Then I usually have lunch at my grandmother's house. We sometimes go the café after lunch and I always ask for an ice-cream, but my grandmother never buys me one!

On Sundays my parents and I always go out for lunch and in the afternoon we do an activity together. We sometimes go to the beach when the weather is nice. When it's raining, we usually go to ther cinema. I love the cinema!

What is her name?______________________________-

How old is she?_________________________________

What time does she get up on weekdays?

_____________________________________________

A. She gets up...

B. at eight o'clock.

C. after nine o'clock.

D. at seven o'clock.

And on Saturday and Sunday?

A. She gets up...

B. at eight o'clock.

C. after nine o'clock.

D. at seven o'clock.

What does Mary do on Saturday mornings?

Complete with the correct adverb, according to the text.

Mary _____________ has piano lessons on Saturdays.

She ____________ has lunch with her grandmother.

They ___________go to the café after lunch and Mary

asks for an ice-cream, but her grandmother ________buys her one.

On Sundays Mary and her parents _________go out for lunch.

They__________ go to the beach, but when it's raining

they __________go to the cinema.

Put the words in the correct order.

1 - sometimes/get up/ I/ eighto'clock.

___________________________________

2 - I / go to school/ late/never

____________________________________

3 - do my homework / always / I

____________________________________

4 - often / I / go out

____________________________________

LISTENING QUIZ

1) Where does she say about the lake?

a) She goes there often.

b) She rarely goes there.

2) What does she often have for dinner?

a) Vegetables

b) Stir-fry

3) How does he get to work?

a) He always drives.

b) He sometimes takes the bus.

4) How does she watch movies?

a) She rents DVDs.

b) She streams movies.

RECOVERY TIME

November 16

Verb to be am-are-is.

Simple present

Present continuous

Adverbs of frequency

Demostratives this-that-these those

The verb to be

The verb to be is the most important verb in the English language. It is difficult to use because it is an irregular verb in almost all of its forms. In the simple present tense, to be is conjugated as follows:

Affirmative forms of the verb to be

Subject Pronouns	Full Form	Contracted Form
I	am	'm
you	are	're
he/she/it	is	's
we	are	're
you	are	're
they	are	're

Interrogative forms of the verb to be:

Am	I?
Are	you?
Is	he/she/it?
Are	we?
Are	you?
Are	they?

Negative Forms of the verb to be:

Subject Pronouns	Full Form	Contracted Form
I	am not	'm not
you	are not	aren't
he/she/it	is not	isn't
we	are not	aren't
you	are not	aren't
they	are not	aren't

Complete the sentences with the forms of to be in the present simple (am, is, are).

1.I______at home.

2. She_____not at home in the morning.

3. We______in the park.

4. This______my new laptop.

5. Our friends_______on their summer holidays.

6. Uncle George______a good football player.

7. The dog______under the table.

8. He_______very funny.

9. The shoes________white.

10. You_______right.

11. Susan________good at tennis.

12. They______in the house.

13. His T-shirts_______cool.

14. My sister______a good swimmer.

15. She______in Italy.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES IV TERM.

SECOND SESSION

READING PRACTICE

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES IV TERM.

SECOND SESSION

Week 37th..

READING PRACTICE..

UNIT 30-33.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES IV TERM.

Week 33rd..

October 8th.

Obligation
We use have to and must to express obligation. There is a slight difference between the way we use them.
have to
Have to shows us that the obligation comes from outside the speaker.
We have to wear a uniform when we're working in reception.
(Student to teacher) When do we have to hand in our homework?
Al has to work tomorrow so he can't come.
We sometimes call this 'external obligation'.
must
Must expresses a strong obligation or necessity. It often shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker (or the authority that wrote the sentence).
I must phone my dad. It's his birthday today.
(Teacher to student) You must hand in your homework on Tuesday or you will lose ten per cent of your mark.
(Sign on a plane) Seat belts must be worn by all passengers.
Note that we don't use must to express obligation in the past. We use have to instead.
I had to pay £85 to renew my passport last week.
No obligation
don't have to
We use don’t have to to show that there is no obligation. You can do something if you want to but it's not compulsory.
You don't have to wear a tie in our office but some people like to dress more formally.
You don't have to go to the bank to do a transfer. You can do it online.
You don't have to come with me, honestly. I'll be fine!

Read the text and answer the questions.

Talented Hodgson family
The Hodgson family from Texas, USA are probably the most talented family in the country. Thomas is the father of the family. He's 52 years old and he can do everything. He can run for a long time. Every day, he goes running in his neighborhood for 40 minutes. He can also swim very well. He swims for his state's over-50 team! Thomas can't speak any foreign languages, but his wife, Judy, certainly can! She can speak French, Spanish and even Japanese. And she can teach them too. She works at the Pinewood Language Academy.
Thomas and Judy Hodgson have three children and they can all do many things too. Robbie, 23, can't run for long distances like his father, but he can run very fast. He can run 100 meters in just 11 seconds. That's very fast. He can also fly! Not like a bird, but using a hang-glider. He goes hang-gliding every weekend in the hills near the family home. The middle child is Janine, who is 19. She's similar to her mother and she loves foreign languages. She studies Italian and French and can speak both of them very well. When she's with her mother, they can speak French and nobody in the house understands them!
Clara is the baby of the family. She's only 9 years old. She can't speak French and she can't fly. What can she do? She can bake the best cakes in the world! And her parents and her brother and sister can eat them.
1. Thomas goes running every day near his house.
  True
    False
2. Thomas runs for a local team.
    True
    False
3. Judy teaches her students to speak other languages.
    True
    False
4. The Hodgsons have two children.
    True
    False
5. Robbie can run 100m very quickly.
    True
False
6. He also goes flying in a hang-glider every Thursday.
    True
    False
7. Janine is 19 and she is similar to her mother.
    True
False
8. Clara is only nine years old and she can bake cakes.
    True
    False

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES IV TERM.

Week 32nd.

Septembre 28th.

Unit 8th pages 100-101

Conditionals. 0-I

Form

If + present simple + present simple

Meaning

Zero conditional is used to talk about facts or situations which are always true.

· If you heat water, eventually it boils.

· If people don’t eat or drink, they die.

ZERO CONDITIONAL

Form

If + present simple + present simple

Meaning

Zero conditional is used to talk about facts or situations which are always true.

· If you heat water, eventually it boils.

· If people don’t eat or drink, they die.

1. If you___________ (to mix ) red and green, you_____________ (to get) brown.

2. If you__________ (to drop) a glass on the floor(to drop), it_________ (to break).

3. If babies__________ (to be) hungry, they______________ (to cry).

4. When you_____add______ (to add) sugar, the sauce_____tastes_______ (to taste) sweet.

5. Water____boils______ (to boil) if you______heat______ (to heat) it to 100 °C.

6. Plants_____die_______ (to die) if they____don`t get _______ (not/to get) enough water.

7. If you_____________ (to put) water in the freezer, it_____becomes,_______ (to become) ice.

8. When the sun____________ (to rise), the street lights_____________ (to go out).

9. When you____heat_______ (to heat) ice, it______melts_______ (to melt).

10. He always____________ (to take) his umbrella when it___________ (to rain)

I first conditional practice

Form

If + present simple + Future with will

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

If it rains, I won't go to the park.
If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
She'll be late if the train is delayed.
She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
If I see her, I'll tell her.

1. If I_______ (to study), I __________(to pass) the exams.

2. If the sun________(to shine), we _________(to walk) into town.

3. If he______ (to have) a temperature, he____ (to see) the doctor.

4. If my friends________(to come), I ________(to be) very happy.

5. If she _____(to earn) a lot of money, she______ (to fly) to New York.

6. If we _______(to travel) to London, we_______ (to visit) the museums.

7. If you______ (to wear) sandals in the mountains, you _____(to slip) on the rocks.

8. If Rita ______(to forget) her homework, the teacher ____(to give) her a low mark.

9. If they________(to go) to the disco, they _____(to listen) to loud music.

10. If you _______(to wait) a minute, I _____(to ask) my parents.

ZERO & FIRST CONDITIONALS

1. FIRST CONDITIONAL

We use the first conditional to express something that will probably happen in the future.

If Paul gets the job, he will move to London.

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

Present Simple Future Simple (will + infinitive)

. Modal verbs (Can / May / Must + infinitive)

Imperative

2. ZERO CONDITIONAL

Form

If + present simple + present simple

Meaning

Zero conditional is used to talk about facts or situations which are always true.

· If you heat water, eventually it boils.

· If people don’t eat or drink, they die.

We use the zero conditional for general truths or natural laws.

If you don’t water plants regularly, they die.

If you heat ice, it turns into water.

1 If I see him, I ________________ (give) him a lift.

2 The table will break if you __________________ (sit) on it.

3 If he __________________(eat) all that, he will be ill.

4 If I find your passport, I___________________ (telephone) you.

5 The police ____________________(arrest) him, if they catch him.

6 If he________________________ (read) in bad light, he will ruin his eyes.

7 Someone __________________(steal) your car if you leave it unlocked.

8 What will happen if my parachute_____________ (not open)?

9 If he________________ (wash) my car, I'll give him $10.

10 If she______________ (need) a radio, she can borrow mine.

11 If you ________________(not go) away, I'll call the police.

12 I'll be very angry if he _____________(make) any more mistakes.

13 If he ____________(be) late, we'll go without him.

14 She will be absolutely furious if she___________ (hear) about this.

15 If you put on the kettle, I_____________ (make) some tea.

16 If you give my dog a bone, he________________ (bury) it.

17 If we leave the car here, it____________ (not be) in anybody's way.

18 He'll be late for the train if he_______________ (not start) at once.

19 If you come late, they _______________(not let) you in.

20 If he ___________(go) on telling lies, nobody will believe a word he says.

21 Unless he ____________(sell) more, he won't get much commission.

22 If I lend you $10, when _________you ______________(repay) me?

23 We'll have to move upstairs if the river______________ (rise) any higher.

24 If he___________ (work) hard today, can he have a holiday tomorrow?

25 Ice ____________(turn) to water if you heat it.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES IV TERM.

Week 30th.

Septembre 15

Unit 8. Pag.96-97

Exercise Practice

Base form	Past tense
be begin break bring buy build choose come cost cut do draw drive eat feel find get give go have hear hold keep know leave lead let lie lose make mean meet pay put run say sell send set sit speak spend stand take teach tell think understand wear win write	was/were began broke brought bought built chose came cost cut did drew drove ate felt found got gave went had heard held kept knew left led let lay lost made meant met paid put ran said sold sent set sat spoke spent stood took taught told thought understood wore won wrote

Examples:

Begin-Began

Simple Present

She begins the homework at home

Simple Past

She began the homework at home yesterday

Present Continous

She is beginning the homework at the moment

Past continuous

She was beginning the homework this morning.

Choose five verbs and apply the structures seen up.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES IV TERM.

Week 29th.

Septiembre 9th

Unit 12

pages 148-149-151-152

FIRST - SECOND SESSION

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Read the following story and answer the questions

Listening practice: listen to the link track and complete the information.

https://www.esl-lab.com/easy/class-reunion/

A Short history of American Growth and Immigration

1. Columbus “discovered” America in 1492. This ______ (be) the first time that most Europeans _______ (hear) anything about the “New World.”

2. The Spanish _______ (take) advantage of the discovery immediately. During the next century they _______ (find) and _______ (fight) with the greatest nations of the Americas and conquered them. By 1600 they _______ (have) profitable colonies in Mexico, Peru, and the Caribbean.

3. The English _______ (begin) permanent settlements in the Americas more than a century after the Spanish, starting with Jamestown in 1607. In 1620-21, the local Indians helped the Pilgrims survive their difficult first year in New England. That story of cooperation ______ (be-singular) one of the few bright moments in a long history of conflict between the English settlers and the native American tribes.

4. During the 17th and 18th centuries (1607-1775), 13 English colonies _______ (be- plural) established in the area that ________ (become) the United States. People _______ (come) to the colonies from England and Scotland, as well as from France, Germany, and other parts of Europe.

5. In addition, slave traders ________ (bring) many Africans to work the land as slaves. Slaves ______ (be- plural) ________ (buy) and _______ (sell) in the U.S. until the 1860s, although many Americans opposed slavery.

6. The British government ______ (do) not want the colonies to expand to the west. In part, it ______ (be- singular) trying to protect the Indians. Legal limits _____ (do) not stop the land-hungry settlers, however. Before the American Revolution as well as after, many hunters, trappers, and then settlers, _______ (go) west looking for opportunity.

7. After the U.S. ______ (win) its independence, it ______ (grow) even more rapidly. In 1803 the U.S. _______ (buy) the Louisiana Territory from France and doubled in size. More immigrants _______ (come) to the U.S. from all over Europe.

8. In 1848 a famine in Ireland and turmoil in Germany _______ (send) many people to the U.S. Others _______ (leave) Scandinavia to work in the Midwest as farmers or loggers. Irish and Chinese laborers ________ (build) the transcontinental railroad that ______ (make) travel to California easier.

9. Immigrants _______ (bring) their own customs to the U.S. They _____ (eat) the foods they ______ (be- plural) familiar with, _______ (speak) their own languages, and ______ (keep) the traditions of their homeland alive.

10. Over time, though, they ______ (begin) to learn English and share their customs and foods with their neighbors. Different regions of the U.S. have different preferences in food and customs partly because of the different immigrants who ______ (come) to each part. American culture is richer because of contributions from many nations.

11. As American industry ______ (grow), factories needed workers. In the late 19th century steamships ______ (bring) many people to New York from Italy, Russia, Poland, and other parts of southern and eastern Europe. They _______ (find) work in many parts of the country. Many saved their money and soon started their own businesses or farms.

12. There ______ (be-plural) Spanish-speaking people in the Southwest long before the U.S. ______ (win) the war of 1848 and ______ (take) over California and the Southwest from Mexico.

13. Other Mexicans ______ (come) to the western states to work early in the 20th century, and still others _______ (be- plural) refugees from the violence of the Mexican Revolution. More refugees _______ (leave) Europe and Asia after the two world wars and the war in Vietnam.

14. Immigration continues today, as people from many parts of the world seek opportunity and the U.S. needs more highly-trained professionals in certain industries, as well as people willing to do hard physical farm labor and other jobs most Americans don’t want.

15. Americans have _____ (have) mixed feelings toward immigration from the beginning. Some have welcomed the hard work and contributions immigrants have _______ (bring). Others have feared immigrants’ cultures or their competition. However, no one can say immigration _____ (do) not matter. The United States truly is “a nation of immigrants.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 26th.

FIRST - SECOND SESSION

AUGUST 17TH.

Unit 26th-27th.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 26th.

FIRST - SECOND SESSION

AUGUST 9TH-11th.

Grammarly

The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before now. Imagine someone asks what your brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last weekend.

Wolfgang entered a hula hoop contest.

He won the silver medal.

The simple past tense shows that you are talking about something that has already happened. Unlike the past continuous tense, which is used to talk about past events that happened over a period of time, the simple past tense emphasizes that the action is finished.

Wolfgang admired the way the light glinted off his silver medal.

You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being, such as the way someone felt about something. This is often expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or prepositional phrase.

Wolfgang was proud of his hula hoop victory.

The contest was the highlight of his week.

How to Formulate the Simple Past

For regular verbs, add -ed to the root form of the verb (or just -d if the root form already ends in an e):

Play→Played Type→Typed Listen→Listened Push→Pushed Love→Loved

For irregular verbs, things get more complicated. The simple past tense of some irregular verbs looks exactly like the root form:

Put→Put Cut→Cut Set→Set Cost→Cost Hit→Hit

For other irregular verbs, including the verb to be, the simple past forms are more erratic:

See→Saw Build→Built Go→Went Do→Did Rise→Rose Am/Is/Are→Was/Were

The good news is that verbs in the simple past tense (except for the verb to be) don’t need to agree in number with their subjects.

Wolfgang polished his medal. The other winners polished their medals too.

How to Make the Simple Past Negative

Fortunately, there is a formula for making simple past verbs negative, and it’s the same for both regular and irregular verbs (except for the verb to be). The formula is did not + [root form of verb]. You can also use the contraction didn’t instead of did not.

Wolfgang did not brag too much about his hula hoop skills. Wolfgang’s girlfriend didn’t see the contest.

For the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. When the subject of the sentence is singular, use was not or wasn’t. When the subject is plural, use were not or weren’t.

The third-place winner was not as happy as Wolfgang. The fourth-place winner wasn’t happy at all. The onlookers were not ready to leave after the contest ended. The contestants weren’t ready to leave either.

How to Ask a Question

The formula for asking a question in the simple past tense is did + [subject] + [root form of verb].

Did Wolfgang win the gold medal or the silver medal? Where did Wolfgang go to celebrate? Did the judges decide fairly, in your opinion?

When asking a question with the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. The formula is was/were + [subject].

Was Wolfgang in a good mood after the contest? Were people taking lots of pictures?

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/beginner-grammar/past-simple-irregular-verbs

Complete these sentences. Use the verbs below.
clean - die - enjoy - end - happen - live - open - play - rain - repair - start - stay - want - watch

1. Yesterday evening I ______________ TV.
2. I only _________________my teeth four times last week.
3. Bruce ____________________ his mountain bike yesterday evening.
4. The concert last night ______________at 7.30 and ______________at 10 o'clock.
5. The accident _______________ last Sunday afternoon.
6. When I was a child, I ___________________to be a lawyer.
7. Mozart _________________from 1756 to 1791.
8. We ______________________our holiday last week.
9. Today the weather is nice, but yesterday it_____________________
10. It was hot in the room, so I _____________________the window.
11. The weather was good yesterday afternoon, so we ____________________ tennis.
12. William Shakespeare____________________- in 1616.
Complete the questions with the past simple.
Example: I asked Tim. - Who did you ask?
1. I met somebody. Who ______________________________?
2. Harry arrived. What time _____________________________?
3. I saw Bob yesterday. Who ________________________yesterday?
4. They wanted something. What _________________________?
5. The meeting ended. What time _________________________?
6. Pat went home early. Why ____________________home early?
7. We had fish for dinner. What ___________________for dinner?
8. It cost a lot of money. How much ______________________?
9. He bought a T - shirt. What __________________________?
10. We ate ham and eggs. What________________________ ?
Form the questions.
Example: Carol opened the window. - Did Carol open the window?
1. Sam bought a CD. ____________________________a CD?
2. We played chess last Saturday._________________ last Saturday?
3. She went to the market yesterday. ________________to the market yesterday?
4. My friends watched this movie last week. ____________________this movie last week?
5. They collected postcards. _________________________postcards?
6. The teacher pointed to the board. _________________to the board?
7. I was thirsty. _______________________thirsty?
8. Frank married her a year ago. _________________her a year ago?
9. My brother rang Susan yesterday.______________________ Susan yesterday?
10. He had ham and eggs for breakfast. __________________ham and eggs for breakfast?
11. The girls talked all night._______________________ all night?
12. They lived in New York.____________________ in New York?
13. My sister bought a new laptop last year.________________ a new laptop last year?

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 25th.

SECOND SESSION

AUGUST 3rd.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 25th.

FIRST SESSION

JULY 30th.

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 22nd.

SECOND SESSION

JULY 26th.

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas. pag.34-35

Read and complete the information.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 22nd.

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

How do we use the Present Continuous tense?

We use the Present Continuous to talk about:

action happening now

action in the future

Present Continuous for action happening now

a) for action happening exactly now

I am eating my lunch.

past present future

The action is happening now.

Look at these images. Right now you are looking at this screen and at the same time...

the pages are turning the candle is burning the numbers are spinning

b) for action happening around now

The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now, and it is not permanent or habitual.

John is looking for a new job.

past present future

The action is happening "around" now.

Look at these examples:

Muriel is learning to drive.

I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.

Present Continuous for the future

We can also use the Present Continuous tense to talk about the future - if we add a future word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the Present Continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking.

I am taking my exam next month.

past present future

A firm plan or programme exists now. The action is in the future.

Look at these examples:

We're eating at Joe's Cafe tonight. We've already booked the table..

They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.

When are you starting your new job?

In these examples, a firm plan or programme exists before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking.

How do we spell the Present Continuous tense?

We make the Present Continuous tense by adding -ing to the base verb. Normally it's simple: we just add -ing. But sometimes we have to change the word a little. Perhaps we double the last letter, or we drop a letter. Here are the rules to help you know how to spell the Present Continuous tense.

Basic rule Just add -ing to the base verb:

work → working

play → playing

assist → assisting

see → seeing

be → being

Exception If the base verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last letter:

s t o p

consonant stressed

vowel consonant

vowels = a, e, i, o, u

stop → stopping

run → running

begin → beginning

PRACTICE:

Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive).

When I phoned my friends, they (play) were playing monopoly.

1.Yesterday at six I_________________ (prepare) dinner.

2.The kids______________ (play) in the garden when it suddenly began to rain.

3.I __________________(practise) the guitar when he came home.

4.We__________________ (not / cycle) all day.

5.While Aaron_____________(work) in his room, his 6.friends___________(swim) in the pool.

7.I tried to tell them the truth but they____________________ (listen / not)

8.What______________ (you / do) yesterday?

9.Most of the time we ____________________(sit) in the park.

QUIZ.

1.My brother and sister _____ playing tennis at 11am yesterday.

A.are

B.was

C.were

2. _____ you still working at 7pm last night?

A.Were

B.Are

C.Was

3. At 8.30am today I _____ driving to work.

A. was

B. am

C. were

4. We _____ sleeping when the police came.

A.was

B.weren't

C.won't

5. Why _____ he having lunch at 4pm?

A.was

B.does

C.were

6. Was he not _____ his homework?

A.doing

B.do

C.done

7. Snow _____ lightly. Suddenly a reindeer appeared.

A.fell

B.was falling

C.is falling

8. Somebody threw a shoe at him _____ he was speaking.

A.after

B.when

C.while

9. They ________ TV when I arrived.

A. were watching

B. were watched

C. watched

10. I was reading a detective story _____ I heard a noise.

A. during

B. while

C. when

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 23rd.

Unit 23rd-Reading

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

Complete the following practice.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 22nd.

Unit 3rd-pages 33

1st. Session

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

PRACTICE.

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4627

There is, there’s and there are

de English Grammar Today

We use there is and there are when we first refer to the existence or presence of someone or something:

There’s a letter on your desk. Julia brought it from the mail room.

Not: It’s a letter on your desk.

There are three Japanese students in my class.

There is and there’s are both singular forms. We use there’s more commonly in informal speaking:

There is a new cafe in the centre of town which sells Indonesian food.

She’s very determined and there’s no chance she will change her mind.

There are is the plural form of there is and there’s There are two new buildings next to the school. They are both science buildings.

In speaking and in some informal writing, we use there’s even when it refers to more than one. This use could be considered incorrect in formal writing or in an examination:

There’s three other people who are still to come.

There’s lots of cars in the car park.

Worksheet 1. There is / There are 1.

Write affirmative sentences using there is or there are.

1. ___________________ five shops.

2. ___________________ a lot of restaurants.

3. ___________________ a building.

4. ___________________ some parks.

5. ___________________a library.

6. ___________________a bus station.

7. ___________________a sports centre.

2. Write the sentences in exercise 1 into the negative form.

1. _________________________________________.

2. _________________________________________.

3. _________________________________________.

4. _________________________________________.

5. _________________________________________.

6. _________________________________________.

7. _________________________________________.

3. Write the sentences in exercise 1 into the interrogative form.

Add short answers about your city.

1. ________________________________________in your city? _________________

2. ________________________________________in your city? _________________

3. ________________________________________in your city? _________________

4. ________________________________________in your city? _________________

5. ________________________________________in your city? _________________

6. ________________________________________in your city? _________________

7. ________________________________________in your city? _________________

4. Choose the correct words.

1. There’s / There are a TV.

2. There’s / There are four chairs in the living room.

3. Is there a / Are there any windows in the kitchen?

4. Is there a / Are there any teacher in the classroom?

5. There isn’t / There aren’t any pencils on the table.

6. There isn’t a / There aren´t any milk in the fridge.

7. Is there / Are there a bookcase?

5. Complete the questions and short answers using the correct form of there is or there are.

1. ____________________a tree in this park? No, ________________

2. ____________________an internet café in your city? Yes, _______________

3. ____________________any hospitals near hear? No, ________________

4. ____________________any buildings next to your school? Yes, _________________

5. ____________________a shop in this street? No, ___________________

6. ____________________any cinema in your town? Yes, _______________

7. ____________________any students in the school? No, _______________

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 21st.

Unit 3rd.

Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

Examples

Singular	Plural
boat	boats
house	houses
cat	cats
river	rivers

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

Examples

Singular	Plural
bus	buses
wish	wishes
pitch	pitches
box	boxes

A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding-ies.

Examples

Singular	Plural
penny	pennies
spy	spies
baby	babies
city	cities
daisy	daisies

Irregular nouns

There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.

Examples

Singular	Plural
woman	women
man	men
child	children
tooth	teeth
foot	feet
person	people
leaf	leaves
mouse	mice
goose	geese
half	halves
knife	knives
wife	wives
life	lives
elf	elves
loaf	loaves
potato	potatoes
tomato	tomatoes
cactus	cacti
focus	foci
fungus	fungi
nucleus	nuclei
syllabus	syllabi/syllabuses
analysis	analyses
diagnosis	diagnoses
oasis	oases
thesis	theses
crisis	crises
phenomenon	phenomena
criterion	criteria
datum	data

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.

Examples

Singular	Plural
sheep	sheep
fish	fish
deer	deer
species	species
aircraft	aircraft

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES III TERM.

Week 21st.

Unit 3rd-pages 32-33

1st. Session

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

READ AND COMPLETE THE INFORMATION.

PLACES IN THE CITY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdDXlL9u0vI

airport - the place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city.

bakery - you can buy fresh bread and cakes here.

bank - you deposit or withdraw/take out your money here. You can cash a cheque.

bookstore - a place where you can buy books and magazines.

bus station - the place you go when you want to travel by bus to another city.

butcher's - they sell fresh meat.

café - you can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches.

church - a religious place of worship.

court - the place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here.

craft market - a place that sells typical products (normally hand-made) of a region/country.

department store - a large store that sells clothes, household appliances etc. in sections.

cinema/movies - you can see the latest movies here. Many people eat popcorn while they're here.

fire station - the building where firefighers keep their equipment including the fire engine.

gas / petrol station - the place you go to put petrol (gas) in your car.

gym - you can do exercises, weight training and keep fit here.

hairdresser's - you go here when you want to cut your hair.

hospital - you go here when you need an operation or someone is going to have a baby.

hotel - where you sleep when you visit another city.

gallery - you can see paintings and other works of art.

jail / prison - criminals are sent here by a judge for a number of days or years.

laundromat / launderette - a place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated machines.

library - a place where you can read and borrow books.

museum - you can see many old objects (and sometimes paintings)

pharmacy/drugstore - you can buy medicine here.

police station - you are taken here when you break the law and are arrested

pub - a place where you can buy a beer or other types alcoholic drinks

park - An area of public land in a city that contains an area of grass where you can rest, play or walk your dog. Sometimes children can play on swings, a slide or a climbing frame here.

restaurant - you go here when you don't want to cook at home. They prepare meals for you.

school - a place where children learn. You normally start school at the age of 5.

square - an open area within a city in the shape of a square. It is usually the heart of the city.

supermarket - a large store that sells food, drinks and household items

zoo - a place where you can see many types of animals in cages.

https://www.vocabulary.cl/Basic/Places_City.htm#google_vignette

Advantages of Living in a Big City

Do you live in a big city? It is said that living in big cities is expensive because of the high living cost. There are also pollution and traffic problems that make living in big cities unpleasant. However, many people enjoy living in big cities because they offer convenience and countless options for entertainment.

Many big cities already have good public transportation systems, which make it easy for the citizens to go anywhere around the city. This also reduces and helps overcome the problem of traffic jams that often occur at peak times. With the convenience of public transportation, the citizens do not have to drive everywhere and can save money as they do not have to pay for parking charges.

Staying healthy is everybody’s concern and in big cities you can find the best possible medical care for any diseases, especially the severe ones. Moreover, compared to rural areas, access to medical treatment is easier because there are always clinics or medical centers that open 24 hours in many parts of the city so you can get medical help anytime, as soon as you need it. Reaching hospitals is also easier as public transport is usually available 24 hours a day.

There is a saying that big cities never sleep. This is true for some cities in which the nightlife begins just when people in other cities are ready to go to bed. Big cities like New York, Madrid, London and Paris have vibrant nightlife. People can still find entertainment, dine out or go shopping into the early hours.

City dwellers are usually more diverse and there are many communities that hold social events or parties, which provide interesting opportunities for social interactions and social networking. The social interactions allow you to learn about other cultures and share interests with people from different backgrounds, which makes you more open minded and able to understand individuals. On the other hand, the social networking helps you to broaden not only personal but also professional relationships.

All in all, living in big cities is more convenient because of the complete facilities provided. The advanced transportation system enables the citizens to access public facilities easier, cheaper and faster. Big cities also provide better education and health service. In addition, city life is more fun and exciting because there is a wide range of entertainment to enjoy and a lot of social events to attend.

Reading comprehension questions that go with the above reading passage.

1) Why do many people like living in big cities?

A) It is more expensive.

B) It is more modern.

C) It is more crowded.

D) It offers more entertainment.

2) What is the advantage of a good public transportation system?

A) People do not need to buy bus tickets.

B) People do not need to drive their car everywhere.

C) People can use public transport for free.

D) People have to pay for parking charges.

3) Why is it easier to get medical treatment in big cities?

A) Because medical treatment is more affordable.

B) Because hospital facilities are more complete.

C) Because ambulances are provided for free.

D) Because medical centers open 24 hours.

4) What can people in big cities do in the early hours but people in rural areas cannot?

A) Dine out

B) Sleep

C) Go jogging

D) Travel

5) What is the benefit of attending social events?

A) You can treat your friends.

B) You can be a social person.

C) You can learn about cultural diversity.

D) You can be more open about yourself.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES II TERM.

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

SECOND SESSION

JUNE 04TH.

Read the following text and answer the question

Answer the following questions according to the text.

Read the story and choose the correct word.

Snow Break

Today I am having such a good time. I feel very (1) ---- that there (2) ---- no school and I can do (3) ---- I want. I don't have any extra homework either as the schools (4) ---- closed because of snow. That's why this is one of my favorite (5) ----. I like going to school but I like the snow even more. I get to play outside in the snow. We can (6) ---- a snowman with (7) ---- friends, we can have a snowball fight, we can slide and enjoy the snow. I know it is funny but sometimes we still (8) ---- to school just (9) ---- in the school yard even though it's closed. Snow holidays are the (10) ----.

1. scared happy fan tired

2. is isn't is not be

3. all the thing nothing something anything

4. is was are be

5. holiday times time happiness

6. carry play build fill

7. me mine mi my

8. go goes going are going

9. playing for playing to play for to play

10. great better more better best

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES II TERM.

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

FIRST SESSION

JUNE 2nd.

The Football Game

Yesterday my brother and I went to see a football game. We watched our two favourite teams, the Eagles and the Hawks. It was the second week of the season and the day was much colder than the week before. We arrived at the stadium at 11:30 am, which is a little earlier than usual. We were excited because I love the Hawks and he loves the Eagles.

The seats were good, but I wanted something closer to the field. However, we sat and enjoyed the game. Well, we
enjoyed it until we started arguing. My brother and I both think our team is better than the other team. He always says to me that the Eagles are faster, stronger, and smarter than the Hawks. I never agree. On this day, he was wrong. The Hawks played a lot better than the Eagles. They looked stronger and tougher than the Eagles. The won by 15 points.

One thing I didn’t like was that the food and drinks were much more expensive than other places, and tasted much worse. I was surprised that a hot dog cost $7, which is more expensive than the $3 I pay outside the stadium. Also, the hot dog was smaller than normal hot dogs. So I was a little sad about my meal, but I planned to get something tastier after the game.

Driving home I talked about how much better my team was than the Eagles. My brother was getting angry, and I noticed he was driving a lot faster than usual. We were lucky he didn’t crash. Finally he saw a police car so he started to drive slower. We arrived home around 7:00 pm, which is later than normal. Usually we get home at about 6:00 pm.

Overall, it was a great day. I love going to the game with my brother. Even though we argue, I wouldn’t want to watch the game with anyone else!

1. Question

Who won the game?

A. Eagles

B. Hawks

2. Question

How much did a hot dog cost?

A. $4

B. $3

C. $7

3. Question

What time did they arrive home?

A. 7:00 pm

B. 6:00 pm

C. 1:30 pm

4. Question

What is the brother’s favourite team?

A. Hawks

Eagles

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES II TERM.

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

SECOND SESSION

MAY 28TH.

Complete the adjective form.

PRACTICE 1

Practice 2.

Make the comparative form. If it's possible, use 'er'. If not, use 'more'.

1) Dogs are __________________________(intelligent) than rabbits.

2) Lucy is __________________________(old) than Ellie.

3) Russia is far _______________________(large) than the UK.

4) My Latin class is ______________________(boring) than my English class.

5) In the UK, the streets are generally _____________________(narrow) than in the USA.

6) London is __________________________(busy) than Glasgow.

7) Julie is __________________________(quiet) than her sister.

8) Amanda is ________________________-(ambitious) than her classmates.

9) My garden is a lot ________________________(colourful) than this park.

10) His house is a bit _______________________-(comfortable) than a hotel.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES II TERM.

Se recuerda a los padres de familia que en el blog se encuentra las temáticas desarrolladas en las clases y los resúmenes del libro de las unidades adelantadas.

FIRST SESSION

May 25TH

What is an adjective?

Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven.

Adjectives modify nouns

Most students learn that adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns. Adjectives do not modify verbs or adverbs or other adjectives.

Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.

Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.

My cake should have sixteen candles.

The scariest villain of all time is Darth Vader.

In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come immediately before the nouns they modify.

Uses of adjectives

Adjectives tell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking about, which thing you want passed to you, or which kind of something you want.

Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.

Three and white are modifying flowers.

Often, when adjectives are used together, you should separate them with a comma or conjunction. See “Coordinate Adjectives” below for more detail.

I’m looking for a small, good-tempered dog to keep as a pet.

My new dog is small and good-tempered.

Comparative adjectives, unsurprisingly, make a comparison between two or more things. For most one-syllable adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding the suffix -er (or just -r if the adjective already ends with an e). For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, replace -y with -ier. For multi-syllable adjectives, add the word more.

A cooler guy

A messier desk

A more mischievous cat

More garrulous squirrels

When you have single-syllable adjectives (such as tall), you typically add -er to form the comparative adjective (tall becomes taller). This isn’t universally true, as some multi-syllable words also receive an -er ending, but it’s a good rule of thumb to follow.

In the list below, we’ll start with the root word and then look at its comparative form.

Bold - Bolder

Bright - Brighter

Calm - Calmer

Dull - Duller

Fast - Faster

Gross - Grosser

High - Higher

Large - Larger

Light - Lighter

Mean - Meaner

Neat - Neater

Odd - Odder

Plain - Plainer

Quick - Quicker

Rich - Richer

Soft - Softer

Weak - Weaker

Young – Younger

Sometimes, you have to double the last letter before adding the -er ending. Generally, the rule is that you double the last letter of a single-syllable adjective ending with consonant + vowel + consonant.

Here are a few examples:

Big - Bigger
Dim - Dimmer
Fat - Fatter
Fit - Fitter
Flat - Flatter
Mad - Madder
Sad - Sadder
Tan - Tanner

Exception to the Rule(s)

Since we’re discussing grammar, you won’t be surprised to learn there’s an exception coming. As mentioned, certain two-syllable words take the -er ending instead of “more” or “less.” Many, though not all, of those two-syllable words end in -y. When there's a two-syllable word ending in -y, change the “y” to “i” before adding -er.

Here are some examples:

Clumsy - Clumsier

Deadly - Deadlier

Dusty - Dustier

Fancy - Fancier

Guilty - Guiltier

Happy - Happier

Itchy - Itchier

Lonely - Lonelier

Nasty - Nastier

Pretty - Prettier

Risky - Riskier

Silly - Sillier

Smoky - Smokier

Tasty - Tastier

Wealthy - Wealthier

Worthy – Worthier

When dealing with root adjectives that are two syllables, you generally place “more” or “less” before the adjective in lieu of the -er ending. Here are some examples:

Bitter - More (or less) bitter
Clever - More (or less) clever
Modern - More (or less) modern
Polite - More (or less) polite
Tired - More (or less) tired

On a final note, anything with three or more syllables automatically uses the “more” or “less” formula. For example, “important” becomes “more important” and “expensive” becomes “more expensive.”

Beautiful - More (or less) beautiful
Difficult - More (or less) difficult
Expensive - More (or less) expensive
Interesting - More (or less) interesting
Important - More (or less) important

Irregular Adjective Forms

Finally, like irregular verbs, we have irregular comparative adjectives. When you’re comparing two items, the following adjectives take on an entirely new word form.

Bad - Worse

Far - Farther (or further)

Good - Better

Little - Less*

*There’s a small stipulation to “less.” Depending on the context, you could also say “littler.” For example, “Joan is litter than Sarah.” Typically, we’d use “smaller” in cases like this. A good way to distinguish between the two is to remember it’s “less” if you’re discussing quantity and “littler” if you’re discussing physical size. For example, “I have little time, but you have less time.”

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SECOND SESSION

May 20th.

PAGES 70th-73th

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FIRST SESSION

May 07th.

Page 48. Student book.

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/beginner-grammar/countable-uncountable-nouns

Countable Nouns

The major division of English nouns is into "countable" and "uncountable".

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:

dog, cat, animal, man, person

bottle, box, litre

coin, note, dollar

cup, plate, fork

table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

My dog is playing.

My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

A dog is an animal.

Countable nouns are also called "count nouns".

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

I want an orange. (not I want orange.)

Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

I like oranges.

Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

I've got some dollars.

Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

I've got a few dollars.

I haven't got many pens.

PRACTICE No1

1. Write c for countable and u for uncountable

time -____books -___sugar -____milk -___pens ___hair - ____

chairs -____meat -_____ butter -______ pencils -______bread_____ - jam -______friends -_____ fingers -______flour -_____apples -____

oil -_____ cars -______ salt -______ houses -______ cheese -_____

rice -______tea -____ games -______ tomatoes -____cream _______

a) a / an + singular countable noun ( a pen, an apple) some + plural countable nouns - positive sentences ( There are some cars)

some + uncountable nouns - positive sentences ( There is some oil)

any - we use any in negative sentences and in most questions.(countable and uncountable nouns) I don't have any pens. There isn't any salt.

Do you have any sisters?

2. Choose a, an, some or any

a) It is______ dog. b) Have you got ______ friends?

c) I bought ____milk. d) Linda has not got pets.

e) There is __orange on the table. f) Tim eats ___cheese every day.

g) We don't have_____ bread. h) My brother found ____ money. i) My sister found ______pen. j) Do you have _____eggs? k)There are __students in the classroom. l) Is there pencil on the___ desk?

b) how much - we use with uncountable nouns

how many - we use with countable nouns.

3. Choose How much or How many

a) _______________cheese do you buy?

b) ________________books are there in your bag?

c) ________________ films did Tom see last week?

d) ________________money do you spend every week?

e) ________________friends does Linda have?

f) _________________ sugar do we need?

g) ________________tomatoes are there in the fridge?

h) ________________meat are you going to buy?

i) _________________milk did you drink yesterday?

j) _________________apples do you see?

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SECOND SESSION

May 04th.

Page 48. Student book.

Now we read and practice:

Grammar explanation

Nouns can be countable or uncountable. Countable nouns can be counted, e.g. an apple, two apples, three apples, etc. Uncountable nouns cannot be counted, e.g. air, rice, water, etc. When you learn a new noun, you should check if it is countable or uncountable and note how it is used in a sentence.

Countable nouns

For positive sentences we can use a/an for singular nouns or some for plurals.

There's a man at the door.
I have some friends in New York.

For negatives we can use a/an for singular nouns or any for plurals.

I don't have a dog.
There aren't any seats.

Uncountable nouns

Here are some examples of uncountable nouns:

bread	rice	coffee	information
money	advice	luggage	furniture

We use some with uncountable nouns in positive sentences and any with negatives.

There's some milk in the fridge.
There isn't any coffee.

Questions

In questions we use a/an, any or how many with countable nouns.

Is there an email address to write to?
Are there any chairs?
How many chairs are there?

And we use any or how much with uncountable nouns.

Is there any sugar?
How much orange juice is there?

But when we are offering something or asking for something, we normally use some.

Do you want some chocolate?
Can we have some more chairs, please?

We also use some in a question when we think the answer will be 'yes'.

Have you got some new glasses?

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FIRST-SECOND SESSION

APRIL 28th-May 04th

Practice No.1

Read the instructions:

1. Read carefully and answer, remember if you do not know the meaning of the verb parenthesis you can use dictionary.

2. make a list of the verbs with the meaning.

3. This activity is in the notebook.

Positive sentences

Complete the sentences. Use Simple Present or Present Progressive.

We (help) _____________________ in the canteen this week.

Martin usually (drive) ________________________to work.

But today, he (take) ___________________________the bus.

Listen! She (practise) _____________________the piano.

My friend (play) ______________________ the guitar every evening.

Negative sentences

Complete the sentences. Use Simple Present or Present Progressive.

He (not / spend) ________________________his holidays in Spain each year.

I (not / meet) __________________________ Francis tonight.

They (not / fly) _________________________- to London tomorrow.

We (not / work) __________________________this week.

The film (not / begin)__________________________ at 7 o'clock.

Question

Complete the sentences. Use Present Progressive.

(leave / you) _________________________________the party now?

(have / you) ___________________________any brothers or sisters?

(love / she) _______________________him?

Who (cook) ______________________dinner tonight?

(send / he) ____________________ you an e-mail every day?

Text

Complete the sentences. Use Simple Present or Present Progressive.

Maria (want) ___________________to improve her English.

Therefore, she (do) ___________________ a language course in London at the moment.

She (stay) _________________________with a host family and (must) ____________________take the tube to get to her language school.

It (be) _______________________ only a five-minute walk to the nearest tube station.

The tube (leave) _______________________at half past eight.

The first lesson (begin)_______________________ at 9 o'clock.

In the afternoons, the school (offer) ____________________sightseeing tours in and around London.

Tomorrow, the students of the language school (go)_________________________ to Windsor.

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FIRST-SECOND SESSION

APRIL 21st-27th.

Practice No1.

Simple present

Present continuous

Past simple

Complete the following regular and irregular verbs with the -ing

Love-----

Go--------

Do-------

Clean----

Work-----

Walk-----

Play------

Study-----

Speak-----

Watch-----

Wash------

Run-------

Put------

Swim----

Follow the steps:

Present tense.

She paints the big door

Does she paint the big door?

Yes, she does./ No, She does not.

Present continuous

She is painting the big door.

Is she painting the big door?

Yes, She is./ No, She is not.

Past Simple Tense

She painted the big door

Did she paint the big door?

Yes, she did./No, she did not.

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FIRST-SECOND SESSION

APRIL 21st-27th.

Present Continuous page 48.

1. Use of the Present Progressive

1.1. actions happening at the moment of speaking

Peter is reading a book now.

1.2. fixed plans in the near future

We are going to Basel on Saturday.

1.3. temporary actions

I am working in Rome this month.

1.4. actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)

My friend is preparing for his exams.

1.5. trends

More and more people are using their computers to listen to music.

1.6. repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

Andrew is always coming late.

2. Signal words

now
at the moment
Look!
Listen!

3. Form

to be (am, are, is) + Infinitiv + -ing

4. Examples

4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Present Progressive

Long forms	Contracted forms
I am playing football.	I'm playing football.
You are playing football.	You're playing football.
He is playing football.	He's playing football.

4.2. Negative sentences in the Present Progressive

Long forms	Contracted forms
I am not playing football.	I'm not playing football.
You are not playing football.	You're not playing football.
You are not playing football.	You aren't playing football.
He is not playing football.	He's not playing football.
He is not playing football.	He isn't playing football.

4.3. Questions in the Present Progressive

Long forms	Contracted forms
Am I playing football?	not possible
Are you playing football?
Is he playing football?

Positive Sentences - Part 1

Choose the correct present progressive form.

Look! Andy_________________ in the garden.
I__________ TV at the moment.
We____________ a book.
She _________ the piano.
Listen! Sue and John__________

Positive Sentences - Part 2

Put the verbs into present progressive.

My sister (to clean) the bathroom.
Look! They (to go) inside.
I (to wait) in the car now.
Mrs Miller (to listen) to CDs.
We (to speak) English at the moment.

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FIRST-SECOND SESSION

APRIL 14th-20th.

CHECK REVIEW

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hPXWtL3EcE

NOW PRACTICE THE STRUCTURES

LOOK AT THE VERBS UP:

1. STUDY

A.S: She studies English at the school

S.Q.Form: Does she study at the school?

Yes, She does / No, She does not.

Wh-Q: Where does she study?

She studies at the school.

sell

write

read

work

speak

have

paint

buy

think

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FIRST-SECOND SESSION

APRIL 5TH-13TH.

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-1 PRACTICE

https://eslgrammar.org/regular-verbs/ R. verbs.

https://www.english-4u.de/en/irregular-verbs/list-spanish.htm I. verbs.

Pages 44-45

Simple Present Practice.

https://www.grammar.cl/Present/Do_Does.htm

Simple Present Do-Does

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal.

We use the present tense:

1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.

I take the train to the office.
The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts.

The President of The USA lives in The White House.
A dog has four legs.
We come from Switzerland.

3. For habits.

I get up early every day.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
They travel to their country house every weekend.

4. For things that are always / generally true.

It rains a lot in winter.
The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
They speak English at work.

Verb Conjugation & Spelling

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without the TO).

In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.

Subject	Verb	The Rest of the sentence
I / you / we / they	speak / learn	English at home
he / she / it	speaks / learns	English at home

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:

1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.

go – goes
catch – catches
wash – washes
kiss – kisses
fix – fixes
buzz – buzzes

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.

marry – marries
study – studies
carry – carries
worry – worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

play – plays
enjoy – enjoys
say – says

Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense

To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't with all verbs EXCEPT To Be and Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.).

Affirmative: You speak French.
Negative: You don't speak French.

You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks German.
Negative: He doesn't speak German.

When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence. We will see the reason why below.

Negative Contractions

Don't = Do not
Doesn't = Does not

I don't like meat = I do not like meat.

There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoken English.

Word Order of Negative Sentences

The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English in the Present Tense using Don't or Doesn't.

Subject	don't/doesn't	Verb*	The Rest of the sentence
I / you / we / they	don't	have / buy eat / like etc.	cereal for breakfast
he / she / it	doesn't	have / buy eat / like etc.	cereal for breakfast

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't:

You don't speak Arabic.
John doesn't speak Italian.
We don't have time for a rest.
It doesn't move.
They don't want to go to the party.
She doesn't like fish.

Questions in the Simple Present Tense

To make a question in English we normally use Do or Does. It has no translation in Spanish though it is essential to show we are making a question. It is normally put at the beginning of the question.

Affirmative: You speak English.
Question: Do you speak English?

You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question. We use Do when the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks French.
Question: Does he speak French?

When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a question. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the question. We will see the reason why below.

We DON'T use Do or Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.)

Word Order of Questions with Do and Does

The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English using Do or Does.

Do/Does	Subject	Verb*	The Rest of the sentence
Do	I / you / we / they	have / need want etc.	a new bike?
Does	he / she / it	have / need want etc.	a new bike?

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Questions with Do and Does:

Do you need a dictionary?
Does Mary need a dictionary?
Do we have a meeting now?
Does it rain a lot in winter?
Do they want to go to the party?
Does he like pizza?

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES II TERM.

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FIRST SESSION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m28BKjBDafU

Simple present tense

The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form of the verb: (I take, you take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. (he takes, she takes)

The simple present tense is used:

To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
To give instructions or directions:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

To express fixed arrangements, present or future:

Your exam starts at 09.00

Examples

For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March

Forming the simple present tense: to think

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative
I think	Do I think?	I do not think
You think	Do you think?	You do not think
He thinks	Does he think?	He does not think
She thinks	Does she think?	She does not think
It thinks	Does it think?	It does not think
We think	Do we think?	We do not think.
They think	Do they think?	They do not think.

Notes on the simple present, third person singular

- In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
  he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
- Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
  He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
- Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
  fly --> flies, cry --> cries
  Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
  play --> plays, pray --> prays
- Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
  he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Examples
- He goes to school every morning.
- She understands English.
- It mixes the sand and the water.
- He tries very hard.
- She enjoys playing the piano
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/simple-present-1 PRACTICE

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FIRST SESSION

March 26th.

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SECOND SESSION

March 23rd.

Page 22nd-24th-29th

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FIRST AND SECOND SESSION

March 16th-22nd.

Clothes-Hobbies-Verbs-Descriptions.

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SECOND SESSION

March 15th

Pages 18-19-20.

TOPICS: Activities - How can we describe?

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FIRST and SECOND SESSION

March 8th-12th.

READING EXERCISES

READ RIGHT A.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES I TERM.

FIRST and SECOND SESSION

FEBRUARY 22nd-26th.

The positive is really easy. It's just the verb with an extra 's' if the subject is 'he', 'she', or 'it'. Let's take the verb 'play' as an example:

Positive (of 'play')

I play

you play

he plays

she plays

it plays

we play

they play

Don't forget the 's'! Even really advanced students do this!
For a few verbs, there is a spelling change before the 's'. For example, 'study' becomes 'studies'.
There are also few verbs which are irregular in the present simple:
1. 'have' becomes 'has'
2. 'do' becomes 'does'
3. 'go' becomes 'goes'

To make the negative form, you need to use 'do not' (don't) or ' does not' (doesn't).

Negative (of 'play')
I do not play	I don't play
you do not play	you don't play
he does not play	he doesn't play
she does not play	she doesn't play
it does not play	it doesn't play
we do not play	we don't play
they do not play	they don't play

How about the question form of the present simple tense?

We use 'do' or 'does' before the subject to make the 'yes / no' question:

Yes / No questions

do I play ?

do you play ?

does he play ?

does she play ?

does it play ?

do we play ?

do they play ?

Practice verbs

read

eat

drive

come

speak

write

sleep

speak

Exercise: work

Simple sentence:

They work at the university

Question form:

Do they work at the university?

Yes, They do

No, They do not / don´t

Where do they work?

They work at the University.

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES I TERM.

FIRST and SECOND SESSION

FEBRUARY 16TH-19TH.

Page.26-29-30.

HOW TO DO AN ADVERT...

ENGLISH VIRTUAL CLASSES I TERM.

FIRST and SECOND SESSION

FEBRUARY 8TH-12TH.

Los demonstrative determiners

Los demonstrative determiners se utilizan mayoritariamente para especificar o señalar a personas, animales o cosas en función de su proximidad o lejanía teniendo en cuenta la posición del hablante:

THIS

THAT

THESE

THOSE

Esto/e/a

Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a

Estos/as

Esos/as, aquellos/as

¿Cómo se utilizan los demonstrative determiners?

Los demonstrative determiners se utilizan según la situación y el número, principalmente teniendo en cuenta la posición del hablante:

THIS (Esto/e/a)

Se utiliza cuando hablamos de un solo elemento que se encuentra a poca distancia del hablante.

This vase is very expensive.

Este jarrón es muy caro.

THESE (Estos/as)

Se usa cuando hablamos de más de un elemento que se encuentra a poca distancia del hablante.

These shoes are old.

Estos zapatos son viejos.

THAT (Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a)

Se utiliza cuando hablamos de un solo elemento que se encuentra a una cierta distancia del hablante.

That boy is my cousin.

Aquel chico es mi primo.

THOSE (Esos/as, aquellos/as)

Se usa cuando hablamos de más de un elemento que se encuentra a una cierta distancia del hablante.

Those toys are dirty.

Esos juguetes están sucios.

is a hamburger.

is a tomato. -------------->

are bananas.

are cherries. -------------->

is a carrot. -------------->

is an apple.

are berries. -------------->

are lemons.

is an orange.

are plums. -------------->

is a cake. -------------->

are grapes.

VIRTUAL ENGLISH CLASSES I TERM

SECOND SESSION

FEBRUARY 1ST-4TH.

VIRTUAL ENGLISH CLASSES I TERM

Review activity practice.

PAGES 6-7-8-9.

SIMPLE PRESENT VERB TO BE

AM- ARE-IS

The verb to be

Affirmative forms of the verb to be

Subject Pronouns	Full Form	Contracted Form
I	am	'm
you	are	're
he/she/it	is	's
we	are	're
you	are	're
they	are	're

Interrogative forms of the verb to be:

Am	I?
Are	you?
Is	he/she/it?
Are	we?
Are	you?
Are	they?

Negative Forms of the verb to be:

Subject Pronouns	Full Form	Contracted Form
I	am not	'm not
you	are not	aren't
he/she/it	is not	isn't
we	are not	aren't
you	are not	aren't
they	are not	aren't

Examples:

§ Is Brad Pitt French?

§ No, he isn't. He's American.

§ What about Angelina Joli? Is she American, too?

§ Yes, she is. She is American.

§ Are brad Pitt and Angelina Joli French?

§ No, They aren't. They are American.

Use of the simple present of to be

The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action or event that takes place habitually, but with the verb "to be" the simple present tense also refers to a present or general state, whether temporary, permanent or habitual.

§ I am happy.

§ She is helpful.

The verb to be in the simple present can be also used to refer to something that is true at the present moment.

§ She is 20 years old.